A root or zero of a polynomial $P(x)$ is a solution to the equation $P(x) = 0$.
Define $P_n$ as the polynomial whose coefficients are the digits of $n$.
For example, $P_{5703}(x) = 5x^3 + 7x^2 + 3$.
We can see that:
- $P_n(0)$ is the last digit of $n$,
- $P_n(1)$ is the sum of the digits of $n$,
- $P_n(10)$ is $n$ itself.
Define $Z(k)$ as the number of positive integers, $n$, not exceeding $k$ for which the polynomial $P_n$ has at least one integer root.
It can be verified that $Z(100\,000)$ is $14696$.
What is $Z(10^{16})$?
Solution
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